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æg]tf hlt sf7dfG8f} el/ ,ul/asf lk8f 5g\ ufpFel/Æ e'ldxLg ls;fgx?n] /fhwfgL g} k;]/ s]lx ;do cufl8 bnsf g]tfx?nfO{ e]6\b} olx lut ufP . /dfOnf] ug{] dg nfu]/ xf]Og ,dg el/ kL8f eP/ . ef]6 dfUg] a]nfdf æxfdL tkfO{n] hf]Tg] hldg tkfO{sf] gfddf g} ul/lbG5f} xfdLnfO{ ef]6 lbgf];\ Æ eg]sf g]tfnfO{ e]6\g /fhfwfgLg} l5g'{ k/f] . hgtfsf] 3/ b}nf]df k;]/ yft ,afF; / ufF; gx'g] ul/a e'ldlxg ls;fgsf lk8f sd} g]tfn] a'e[m] . / t e'ldlxg ls;fgn] o:tf] uLt lj/xL :j/df ufP .

e'ldxLgx?sf] of] zflng tl/sfnfO{ g]tfx?n] dgg\ u/] ls u/]gg\ . ef]lnsf lbgsf b]lvPnf t/ cfh ;Dd plgx? e'ldxLgsf] ljifo p7fg ug{] cfgfsfgL u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s'g} klg /fhgLlts cfGbf]ng kl5 e'ldxLgsf ;fjfnnfO{ yf]/ ax't p7fpg] ul/Psf] 5, en} lt sfo{Gjog txdf ;kmn 5}gg\ . @))& ;fnsf] k|hftGq k|flKtsf] cfGbf]ng kl5 e'ldsf] hfFra'em ul/ @))* ;fndf df]lxofgL xs nufPtsf Aoj:yf ul/of] . @)@! ;fndf k~rfolt Aoj:yf nfu' u/] kl5 e'ld ;DaGwL P]g hfl/ ul/of] h;n] hUufsf] xbaGbL, df]lxofgL xs nufPtsf s'/f p7fof] .

lgodt ljutdf k|rngdf /x]sf /}s/,ljtf{,u'l7,/sd,lsk6, vfOs/ h:tf Aoj:yfnfO{ vf/]h ul/of] . t/ To;af6 e'ldsf] ljt/0f af:tljs ls;fgnfO{ k'Uof] eGg] rflx xf]Og . o;n] t em\g ljWodfg e'–:jfldTjnfO{ a}wflgstf k|bfg u/f] .  ljleGg ;dodf e'ld ;DaGwL d'4f p7fOof] t/ ;dfwfg ul/Pg . kl5Nnf] qmddf @)%* ;fndf p7fOPsf] e'ld ;DjGwL ;afn klg cnkqdf k/]sf] 5 .

b]zsf] cfly{s Aoj:yfsf] af:tljs kl/jt{g vf]Hg] xf] eg] e'ldsf] ;afn klxnf] gDa/sf] k|fyldstf x'g' kg{] xf] . e'lddf cfˆgf] >d, l;k ,Ifdtf k|of]u ug{] ls;fgsf] :jldTjdf hldg x'g' clgjfo{ 5 . ul/ vfg] ls;fgnfO{ e'ldaf6 nfdf] ;do b]lv ul/Psf] al~rlts/0fnfO{ cGTo ub} ;du| e'ldsf] Aoj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ug'{ g} ul/a e'ldlxg ls;fgsf] cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg xf] . ;f]lx tYosf] nflu ul/a g]kfnL ls;fgn] ;+ljwfg ;efdf hgk|ltlglwx?nfO{ ef]6 xfn]sf x'g\ .

@)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ s'n e'ldsf] !$=& k|ltzt hldg sl/a $& k|ltztsf] :jfldTjdf 5 . #=& k|ltzt AolStsf] :jldTjdf !&=# k|ltzt e'ld 5 . o:t} @^ k|ltzt hUufjfnfn] b]zsf] s'n s[lif If]qsf] ^! k|ltzt e'ldsf] lx:;f cf]u6\5g\ . of] s]an e'ldsf] ljt/0f xf] . e' :jfldTj h;sf] gfddf eP klg s[lifdf cfˆgf] kl;gf kf]Vg] ju{ eg] csf{] 5 . h;sf] 7'nf] lx:;f ;Fu t hldgsf] Ps v08 klg 5}g\ . ePsfsf] hldg klg %,^ dlxgf ;Dd klg vfg gk'Ug] 5 .

Ps cWoog cg';f/ -Adhikari and Bohle 1999 a_ ul/a ,e'ldlxg s[ifsx?n] t cfˆgf] pTkfbgn] Ps dlxgf klg vfWo ;'/Iff k|fKt ub{]gg\ . h;n] ubf{ ;:tf]  >d ahf/df cfkm'nfO{ k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg' kg{] tyf kl/jf/sf] k]6 eg{ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf :yfgGtl/t x'g' kg{] ;d:of plgx? ;Fu 5 . e'ldxLgtfsf] cj:yfaf6 al9 eGbf al9 blnt ,dlxnf / hghfltx? kLl8t 5g\ .

 @! k|ltzt hg;ªVof /x]sf] -cg'dflgt_ blntsf] e' :jfldTj hDdf ! k|ltzt 5  -Bishwakarma 2001_ . dlxnfsf] e'–:jfldTj klg xfn ;Dd hDdf !)=*( k|ltzt 5 -/fli6«o e'ld clwsf/ d~r_ . t/ s[lifdf ;xeflutfsf] b/ eg] oL g} au{ / ;d"bfon] cf]u6]sf] kfOG5 . s'n u|fxf:ysf] #^ k|ltzt al9 of]ubfg s[lifsf] 5 . h'g qmdz cf]/fnf] nfUg] qmddf 5 . s[lifdf k'?ifsf] eGbf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf w]/} b]lvG5 . o:t} hghflt / blntsf] klg s[lifdf pRRf ;xeflutf 5 . s[lifdf lzlIft dfG5]sf] sd ;xeflutf 5 . s[lifnfO{ Aoj;flos / cfw'lglss/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . h;n] pTkfbsTj 36]sf] 5  eg] /fHon] s[lif If]qnfO[ x]g{]] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ klg lkmtnf] agfOlbPsf] 5 . h;sf] pbfx/0f :j?k xfdL /f;folgs dn,pGgt ljpsf] cefj h:tf ljifox? af/Daf/ ;'Gg] u5f{} .

      s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj 36\g' /fHosf] nflu /fd|f] s'/f xf]Og . s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg Ps clgjfo{ pkfo e'ld ;'wf/ dfkm{t af:tljs ls;fgnfO{ hUuf x:tfGt/0f x'g ;S5 . cGoyf h;n] hltg} pTkfbsTj 36\of] eGb} hlt lrNnfP klg s'g} ;dfwfg lg:sg] 5}g\  . o;n] /fHosf] cfly{s a[l4b/nfO{ c+s'z t nufp5 g} b]zsf] vfWofGg cfot a9fpb} /fHonfO k"0f{ k/lge{/ agfpg] 5  . d'Vo ul/ g]kfndf e'ld;'wf/ gx'Fbf ef/lto Aoj;foL p3f] nfUg] 5g\ .

      s]lx ;do cufl8 sf7dfG8f} k;]sf e'ldxLg cfGbf]ngsf cleofGtfn] ;+j}wflgs ?kdf e'ld clwsf/nfO{ Uof/]G6L ul/g' kg{] d'4f p7fPsf lyP . g]tfsf] b}nf] b}nf] rxfb} plgx?n] p7fPsf] cfjfh af:tljs g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;femf cfjfh klg xf] . e'–pkof]u ;DaGwL /fli6«o lgltnfO{ lgdf{0f u/]/ nfu' ug{] ;Sg] dfq eP klg g]kfnL ;dfhsf w]/} ;d:ofx? xn x'g]5g\ .

s[lifdf dlxnfsf] clws ;xeflutf 5 . a}b]zLs /f]huf/ xf];\ jf lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] ?kdf hflu/] k'?if al9 5g\ . h;sf] :jldTjdf al9 e'ld 5 . h;n] k'?ifnfO{ bf]xf]/f] ;Dkltsf] clwsf/ k|fKt 5 . csf{] lt/ o;n] ;dfg clwsf/nfO{ xgg\ dfq xf]Og dlxnf lx+;fnfO{ klg k|f]T;fxg ul//x]sf] 5 .

To;}n] k'?ifsf] gfpFsf] hldg dlxnfsf] :jldTjdf n}hfbfF klg pTkfbsTjdf ;sf/fTds c;/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . o:t} h;sf] hf]t p;sf] kf]t lgltnfO{ s8fOsf] ;fy nfu' ug{] lglt clVtof/ ul/g' cfjZos 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] k|f/lDes d:of}bfdf ljeflbt d'4f klg xf] . e'ldsf] Aoj:yfkgsf] d'4f vf;df of] ljifo ljjflbt gx'g' kg{] xf] . lsgls b]z leqsf] ;a} hldg /fHosf] xf]  . h;sf] pkof]u ug{] kfpg] clwsf/ /fHo ;Fu 5 . To;}n] lb3{sflng ?kdf /fHonfO{ s] s;/L kmfObf x'G5 To; cg'?k ;du| e'ld ;DaGwL lglt to ul/g' k5{ .

af:tjdf g]kfnL ls;fgx? ;+od 5g\ . nfdf] ;do b]lv hg;ªVofsf] 7'nf] lx:;f cf]u6]sf ls;fgx? e'–:jfldTjsf] ljifodf cfzfjflb e}/x] . /fhgLlts cfGbf]ng ;Fu} cfkm'x?sf] d'4f ;+jf]wg x'g]df 7'Ss b]lvP . t/ cfkm'nfO{ cfZjf;g af8]/ /fhwfgL l5/]sfx?n] eg] of] d'4fnfO{ cf]em]ndf kfl//x] . ;fob e'–Aoj:yfkgsf] d'4faf6 k|ofKt sld;g gcfpg] eP/ kf] xf] ls < Tofu / ;d{k0fsf] /fhgLlt ug{] hf] sf]lx g]tfn] cfkm'nfO{ a]–3/af/ s[ifssf] 7fpFdf /fv]/ x]g{ cfjZos 5 . plgx? hLPsf] afWotfk"0f{ hLjgnfO{ ;+embf dfq klg lk8fx? lg;fl;P/ cfp5 . avf{ el/sf] kl/>d / sdfO{ s]lx 7'nf 7fn'n] esf/Ldf xfNg n}hfbf lt ls;fgsf 5flQdf slQsf] nf]nf rNbf] xf] . ltgsf ;Gtfgsf k]6df slQ uf]nf bf}8bf xg\ . Pp6} ;+;f/df hlGdP/ :jt k|fKt hldgsf] pkof]usf] clwsf/ gkfPsf cfGtl/s z0f/fyL{ ls;fgx? slt lbg /fhwfgLsf] kvf{Odf /xg' kg{] xf] <